Changes: Maktab

Revision as of 14:21, 10 December 2016

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+[[File:asslam.png|250px]][[File:asslamx.png|250px]][[File:asslamxx.png|250px]]<br />Woah💦 Woah💦 Woah💦 Hold on💦 Stick em UP🙆🙆🙆🙆 THAT'S RIGHT🔫 THIS IS A ROBBERY🔫 Hand over the CUMMIES🔫💦💦 and no DADDY😫👨😨 gets hurt 📨Send this to your naughtiest👄 little 👄partners in crime 😏🔫😏🔫 and you'll get 💰💰💰SACKS💰💰💰 OF CUMMIES🍆💦💦💦 Get 5🔳 back, you're a 💓squishy💓 little rebel without a cause💋💋💋💋💋 Get 10🔳 back, you're a 😎😎😎career cummie💦 criminal 🙆🔫🔫 bustin all the daddies👨🌽🍆 banks💰💴 Get 15🔳 back, you're a little 😼😼FAT CAT😻😻 with mad stacks💰💦 of CUMMIES💰💦 Get 20🔳 back, you're the 👑👑CUMMIE 💦💦💦 QUEEN👑👑
-'''Maktab''' ({{lang-ar|مكتب}}) (other transliterations include ''mekteb'', ''mektep'', ''meqteb'', ''maqtab''), also called '''kuttab''' (Arabic: “school”), is an Arabic word meaning [[elementary school]]s. Though it was primarily used for teaching children in reading, writing, grammar and [[Islamic studies|Islamic subjects]] (such as [[Qur'an]] recitations), other practical and theoretical subjects were also often taught.<ref name=Asimov/> Until the 20th century, ''maktabs'' were the only means of mass education in much of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]].
-While in Arabic, Maktab refers to only elementary school, the word Maktab is also used in [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Persian language]] in [[Afghanistan]] and is an equivalent term to [[school]], comprising both the [[Primary school|primary]] and [[Secondary school|secondary]] schooling. [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] also used the word Matkab in the same sense.
-==History==
-[[File:Ottoman miniature painters.jpg|200px|thumb|Scholars and Students in an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Maktab.]]
-In the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]], an elementary [[school]] was known as a ''maktab'', which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madrasahs (which referred to [[higher education]]), a ''maktab'' was often attached to a [[mosque]].<ref name=Asimov/> In the 10th century, the [[Sunni Islam]]ic jurist [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami]] discussed ''Maktab'' schools.<ref>{{citation|title=Review: ''Law and Education in Medieval Islam: Studies in Memory of Professor George Makdisi'', Edited by Joseph E. Lowry, Devin J. Stewart and Shawkat M. Toorawa|author=Francis Robinson|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]|year=2008|volume=18|issue=01|pages=98–100|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007912}}</ref> In response to a [[petition]] from a retired [[Shia Islam]]ic judge who ran a ''Madhab'' elementary school for orphans, al-Haytami issues a [[fatwa]] outlining a structure of ''maktab'' education that prevented any physical or economic exploitation of enrolled orphans.<ref>{{citation|title=Review: ''Law and Education in Medieval Islam: Studies in Memory of Professor George Makdisi'', Edited by Joseph E. Lowry, Devin J. Stewart and Shawkat M. Toorawa|author=R. Kevin Jaques|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|year=2006|volume=17|issue=3|pages=359–62|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/jis/etl027}}</ref>
-In the 11th century, the famous Persian [[Islamic philosophy|Islamic philosopher]] and teacher, [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (known as ''Avicenna'' in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter dealing with the ''maktab'' entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at ''maktab'' schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in [[class (education)|class]]es instead of individual [[tuition]] from private [[tutor]]s, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of [[competition]] and [[emulation (observational learning)|emulation]] among pupils as well as the usefulness of group [[discussion]]s and [[debate]]s. Ibn Sina described the [[curriculum]] of a ''maktab'' school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a ''maktab'' school.<ref name=Asimov>{{citation|title=The Age of Achievement: Vol 4|last=M. S. Asimov|first=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1999|isbn=81-208-1596-3|pages=33–4}}</ref>
-===Primary education===
-Ibn Sina wrote that children should be sent to a ''maktab'' school from the age of 6 and be taught [[primary education]] until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote that they should be taught the [[Qur'an]], [[Islamic metaphysics]], [[Arabic language|language]], [[Islamic literature|literature]], [[Islamic ethics]], and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills).<ref name=Asimov/>
-===Secondary education===
-Ibn Sina refers to the [[secondary education]] stage of ''maktab'' schooling as the period of specialization, when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be given a choice to choose and specialize in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, [[Islamic medicine|medicine]], [[Islamic mathematics|geometry]], [[Islamic economics in the world|trade and commerce]], [[Inventions in medieval Islam|craftsmanship]], or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future [[career]]. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.<ref>{{citation|title=The Age of Achievement: Vol 4|last=M. S. Asimov|first=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1999|isbn=81-208-1596-3|pages=34–5}}</ref>
-===Literacy===
-In medieval times, the [[Caliphate]] experienced a growth in [[literacy]], having the highest literacy rate of the [[Middle Ages]], comparable to [[classical Athens]]' literacy in [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]].<ref>{{citation|title=Delivering Education|author=Andrew J. Coulson|page=117|publisher=[[Hoover Institution]]|url=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817928928_105.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> The emergence of the Maktab and [[Madrasah]] institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.<ref>{{citation|author=Edmund Burke|title=Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity|journal=[[Journal of World History]]|volume=20|issue=2|date=June 2009|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|doi=10.1353/jwh.0.0045|pages=165–186 [178–82]}}</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Madrasah]], meant for higher education
-*[[Maktab Anbar]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}<!--added under references heading by script-assisted edit-->
-*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050246/maktab/ Maktab] Encyclopædia Britannica